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How strong actually are Curvatures in Universe?

In my Arcusuniverse, two features of curvature result: A) The Local Ones, and B) The General Ones.

A) During each opening of a Protocosm (def. PK from German) in the sphere of universe, in the beginning, spacetime is extremely curved as you may think about the theoretical Black Hole.

Thinking at my dark-gray state of the opening PK, it means an extreme curvature, but not a total. Every radiation then is maximally shifted to red. Every object will be captivated, actually because of the continuous opening, it will be more and more free.

Vice versa, if Protocosms form themselves back by radiation support, curvature of surrounding spacetime successively increases.

However, in both cases, the entire universe is not involved but just local areas.

B) Unfortunately, my Arcusuniverse is an oscillating system. It is absolutely closed, so to speak isolated to the outside.

Inside such a system, curvature determines the back-running path of radiation within a circle. It runs on its maximum circumference way of about 17,600,000,000 light-years. Radiation completely was gone on a circular arc. On this path, curvature is the same size everywhere: k = 1/17.6 billion ly = 1/17,600,000,000 ly. It is equally valid for electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic exchange force. Therefore, gravitational lens effects are impossible. Nothing is there to show us that general curvature.

Related to one light-year, we find k = 5.68e-11 per 1 ly. This is extremely less. 

Inside of each object observed, those curved radiation come together as they were going out from this object. Nobody is able to find any origins and proofs. Note that I sometimes wrote somewhat misleading, universe would be denser than observed. Yes, but coupling of exchange forces also run along these curved paths while they lengthen. Euclidean density does not exist in a completely curved system. Shortest connection, direct line, absolutely straight, does not exist.

This consequently means: Because in my universe, gravitation is an exchange force curved on its own ways, gravitational density is not greater than the density observed. All these facts would lead to an amount of misunderstanding and wrong theories, e. g. to the assumption of a universe absolutely flat. --- Nevertheless, it is really spherical and locked.

 

Graphics 1: Radiation of object O arrives observer position P on curved lines

I know how to calculate a direct line from curvature. But we don't need it here.

However, from which object such equal arcs as those in our example graphic would reach our eyes, we cannot watch that curvature. Bows come to us from all directions with their constant curvature at a special time. The building of forwarding of the e.m. & g.m. radiation resembles an elongated soap bubble that is hollow inside. For every observer, a constant curved structure of transmission results to the view of the conscious object.

What you see is simply not what is real. Unfortunately! As the believe the Earth would be flat, or it was the centre of the world. All that thinking were wrong interpretation following the simplified observation.

So I just say: Go on! On those ways, you will never find good solutions. And so, you will be remain locked up in your universe, may be lifelong. Contrarily, I myself will be free in the meantime. Who follows me will be free, too. Ideally, mentally, if my Arcusuniverse you will like more than Big-Bang universe.

On very small distances between object and observer, curvature is not total anymore. Complete curvature is realized over one circular arc of 360° or 100%. Now I will calculate with parts of it.

Mathematically it is valid:
one complete arc with 360° is one curvature of K = 360°/17.6e9 ly = 2e-8 grd/ly
one complete arc of 1 is one curvature of         K = 1/17.6e9 ly       = 5.68e-11/ly.
At the position of e. g. one billion ly, we are at P of 20° of the arc from 360°:

P = 1e9 ly x 5.68e-11/ly = 5.68e-2
5.68% von 360° are 20°

P =1e9 ly x 2e-8 grd/ly = 20°.

However you may measure, we always come to the expected position P of the observer hitting by the constant curvature noticing nothing of those curving.

Now, I think it is enough for you.

Please, think now how it is possible, an observer in space is able to watch such objects, which existed in the last universe-pulse during it oscillated from next to the center to the point of turnaround and back to the start?

Very much success!

Heinz-Joachim Ackermann

May 20, 2026

 

 
                    All rights reserved for Graduate Engineer & Educator Heinz-Joachim Ackermann, Germany, November 2020